Category Archives: History

articles about Japanese baseball history

Diverse baseball ecosystems

The interesting point at yesterday’s Yusei Kikuchi press conference was not so much that he spoke English, but that the Seattle Mariners are, as the Los Angels did a year ago, planning to bend over backwards to accommodate a Japanese pitcher and integrate him into the majors.

Twenty-six years ago, the Yomiuri Giants rammed free agency down the throats of Nippon Professional Baseball’s owners, threatening to pull out of the system if they didn’t permit veteran players to leave their teams and sign with the Giants as free agents.

The new rule was intended as a way for the Giants to lay their hands on the biggest name players, since it was understood without question both here and in the States that players in an inferior league would not be good enough to play in MLB. Within two years of course, Hideo Nomo proved that notion wrong.

Like the idea that Japanese couldn’t cut it in MLB, until very recently the prevailing attitude has been that everything in the big leagues is done better, executed better, better organized and better presented than it is in Japan, because, well… just because.

Anything that smacked of being different in Japan, from having Mondays off to its tiny six-team leagues, to its playoff system, to its free agent system was generally considered to be second class, not because these things were second class or but that because MLB was considered the pinnacle and divergence from the pinnacle is, by definition, a step down.

Thus, when I arrived at the 2014 winter meetings in San Diego and heard people talking about giving starting pitchers more rest, the way they did in Japan, or making a postseason that gives many more advantages to the regular season champions — the way they do in Japan, I was pretty much in shock.

A lot of things have changed over the 26 years I’ve been writing about Japanese baseball. Although there have always been guys who came here and embraced the unique things NPB had to offer, for many former big leaguers it was not a happy stage in their careers — because it signified a one-way ticket from the majors.

Now, guys are lining up to come to Japan so that they can learn and get better as ballplayers. They can either raise their profile among major league teams as many other players have recently done, or build fulfilling careers here. Many stay because it is a good thing to be paid well and respected, as they make adjustments to win meaningful games and pennants in front of enthusiastic and vibrant crowds.

I remember cracking open Bill James’ abstracts in the early 1980s and reading about how the minor leagues used to be more than farm systems. James suggested they were more like Japanese ball, and I think that’s a valid comparison. Because Japanese ball is independent and springs from a different culture with different thinking about the game, in a country where many parts of the pro baseball puzzle are shaped differently, it represents an alternative baseball gene pool.

Shohei Ohtani is who he is because of this difference, not because two-way players are possible in Japan, but because two-way players have always been born out of necessity.

Speaking to the wonderful Bob Kendrick, the president of the Negro League Baseball Museum, last month, he explained that two-way players were common in the negro leagues because the teams’ small rosters demanded innovation.

Babe Ruth became a two-way player because the Red Sox were short on outfielders after the start of World War I. Shohei Ohtani was encouraged to be a two-way player as a lure by Nippon Ham Fighters manager Hideki Kuriyama to keep him from signing as a one-way pitcher with a big league club.

That only happened because Japanese baseball is separate and independent. Whether Ohtani’s game is a sideshow or a look at the future remains to be seen, but it is different, and the sentiment that he should be made to chose one or another because “nobody else gets to choose” smacks of old-fart grumbling. Sorry Bill.

Anyway, to get back to Kikuchi, the idea that bending the common practice in order to help a good pitcher assimilate might be a bad thing or it might be a good thing. Nobody knows. Recognizing that Japanese players come out of a different environment and might contribute a lot more with some tinkering to common practices might lead to nothing. But they also might lead to something — because of what is learned in the process.

You expect players coming from other contexts to treat their teammates and the game with respect, but that doesn’t mean you hammer them into a shape that suits the old style and does no one any good. Japanese baseball and Korean Baseball are going to change and evolve, converge with MLB and diverge and that diversity enriches the world’s game.

Genda and NPB’s best

It took a while for the Japanese language media to catch on to Sosuke Genda’s shortstop fielding records in 2018 because fielding data in Japan is considered even more esoteric than it is in the States, and I’m referring to just the basics, put outs, assists, errors, double plays, fielding percentage.

There’s really nowhere to scan a publicly available database and find out who had the most assists or putouts in an NPB season or in their career. Things are getting better, but it’s still to quote Mr. Spock, “Stone knives and bearskins.”

The data is out there, it’s just inaccessible. This year, NPB’s website (the Japanese language version) did us the great service of posting a player page for every past NPB player. Of course, this includes batting and pitching. When NPB was publishing its encyclopedia, it did not include fielding records.

So here are the top 10 Japanese pro baseball seasons by a shortstop ranked in terms of total double plays and then assists

YearLeagueTeamName RGPOAEDPField
2018PLLionsSosuke Genda14327152611112.986
1963PLHawksKenji Koike14729549323111.972
2008CLTigersTakashi Toritani14426347615107.980
1985CLCarpYoshihiko Takahashi13023946816107.978
1998PLMarinesMakoto Kosaka12323641716106.976
1981PLBravesKeijiro Yumioka13021044917104.975
1964PLHawksKenji Koike14928949836103.956
2007CLCarpEishin Soyogi13523143913103.981
1991CLSwallowsTakahiro Ikeyama1322704124101.994
2006CLTigersTakashi Toritani14621349021100.971
2001CLBayStarsTakuro Ishii14025241712100.982
2016PLFightersTakuya Nakashima14321944714100.979

Top 10 NPB shortstop seasons ranked by total assists

YearLeagueTeamNameGPOAEDPField
2018PLLionsSosuke Genda143271526111120.986
19481LDragonsKiyoshi Sugiura13726850245900.945
1954PLBuffaloesTakeshi Suzuki13221950144680.942
1964PLHawksKenji Koike149289498361030.956
1963PLHawksKenji Koike147295493231110.972
2001PLMarinesMakoto Kosaka14025249216990.979
2006CLTigersTakashi Toritani146213490211000.971
2000PLMarinesMakoto Kosaka13522648911980.985
2003PLMarinesMakoto Kosaka1342264838860.989
2017PLLionsSosuke Genda14322848121890.971

Other than Genda, the big name on this list is Kenji Koike of the Nankai Hawks. Bill James’ win shares credits him with having four of the six most valuable defensive seasons at shortstop in the history of pro baseball in Japan. Koike’s rival for the title of Japan’s greatest shortstop is Hall of Famer Yoshio Yoshida, who had more career value at the position but did not reach the amazing peaks Koike did.

Genda’s 2018 season ranks 20th. A lot of that has to do with context. Genda is an amazing fielder, but NPB’s defensive standards are now remarkably high.

Win shares rates former Marines shortstop Makoto Kosaka as the best to play the position in the past 25 years and he is the only player in the last 50 years to have a season value ranked in the top 10.

For non win shares people, be warned that while win shares does give credit to various performance data, it is heavily weighted toward the context in which those data are compiled. It matters how many games your team wins, how good the team’s fielding is in relation to its batting and pitching, and how good the overall team defensive numbers at each position compare to the league norms. Good teams have more credit to pass around than weak teams and players who perform above the league’s norms will have a larger share of his team’s defensive credit than those who are below average and so on.

I’ve tried to post output from my database here in large files that can easily be read, but I’m not a database person or much of a coder, so that technology escapes me. I hope to remedy that by posting files of the top 20 in each defensive category by position on the data page, at least that way readers can monitor what the different records are.